Canada's intelligence agency has warned that China and India are highly likely to interfere in the country's general election on 28 April, with Russia and Pakistan also having the potential to do so.

The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) stated that while previous interference attempts in the 2019 and 2021 elections did not alter the results, the country had been slow to respond at the time. Both China and India have denied previous allegations of meddling in Canada's internal affairs.

Vanessa Lloyd, CSIS's deputy director of operations, said hostile states are increasingly using AI to influence elections, with China being particularly likely to exploit such tools.

The warning comes amid tense diplomatic relations between Canada and Beijing, following China's recent tariffs on$2.6 billion worth of Canadian agricultural products and Ottawa's strong condemnation of China's execution of four Canadian citizens on drug charges.

India has also been under scrutiny, with Canada expelling six Indian diplomats last year over allegations of involvement in a plot against Sikh separatists.

Lloyd stated that India has both the intent and capability to interfere in Canadian politics and communities, though the Indian diplomatic mission in Ottawa has yet to comment.

She added that while it is difficult to directly link foreign interference with election outcomes, such activities undermine public trust in Canada's democratic institutions.